New Car vs Used Car: Which One Is Better for Buyers?
A new car gives you the latest safety features, full warranty coverage, clean history, and easier trim selection. A used car often costs less upfront and may lose value more slowly after the first owner takes the largest depreciation hit. However, a cheaper purchase price does not always mean a cheaper ownership experience.
This guide explains the full picture. You will learn how depreciation, insurance, financing, maintenance, fuel economy, EV charging, family use, reliability, and resale value affect your real cost. You will also get checklists, tables, and practical buyer advice for 2026 car shopping in the United States.
Quick Answer
For most budget-focused buyers, a carefully inspected used car or certified pre-owned vehicle usually offers better total value than a brand-new vehicle. You avoid the steepest early depreciation, and your monthly payment may be lower if the purchase price stays reasonable. However, a new car can make sense if you want a full factory warranty, the newest safety technology, lower repair risk, better financing incentives, or a vehicle you plan to keep for a long time.
The smartest choice depends on total cost of ownership, not only the sticker price. Compare the loan rate, insurance quote, expected maintenance, fuel economy, EV charging access, warranty coverage, resale value, and your driving needs. A first-time buyer with a tight budget may prefer a reliable used sedan. A growing family may choose a certified pre-owned SUV. A long-term owner may prefer a new hybrid or EV if incentives, charging, and warranty coverage make sense locally.
What the New Car vs Used Car Choice Really Means
The choice is not only about age. A new car means you become the first owner. You choose the trim, color, options, warranty start date, and financing path. You also get a clean vehicle history and the latest design from the automaker.
A used car already has miles, history, wear, and prior ownership. It may still offer excellent value, especially when the model has a strong reliability record. It may also hide problems if you skip research or inspection.
A modern used vehicle can still include advanced safety features, smartphone connectivity, driver assistance, efficient engines, and comfortable family features. A new vehicle may offer better software, newer infotainment, improved fuel economy, and updated crash technology. Still, those advantages come with a higher purchase price in many cases.
The real question is simple: which vehicle gives you the best mix of safety, reliability, comfort, payment, insurance cost, and long-term value for your life?
Simple comparison at a glance
| Factor | New Car | Used Car |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase price | Usually higher and depends on trim, options, and dealer pricing | Usually lower, but popular models may still cost more than expected |
| Depreciation | Often loses value faster in the first years | May lose value more slowly after the first owner absorbs early depreciation |
| Warranty | Full factory warranty starts with you | May have remaining factory coverage, CPO coverage, or no warranty |
| Technology | Newest infotainment, safety features, and driver assistance | Depends on model year, trim, and options |
| Risk | Lower history risk | Requires history report, inspection, and careful test drive |
Why This Decision Matters in 2026
US car buyers face a more complex market in 2026. New vehicles often come with advanced technology, larger screens, driver assistance systems, hybrid powertrains, and more connected services. At the same time, many affordable compact cars have become harder to find at some dealerships.
Used cars also remain popular because many shoppers want lower payments. However, used vehicle prices can stay strong when supply is tight, when fuel-efficient models become popular, or when reliable SUVs and trucks hold value well. As a result, buying used does not automatically guarantee a bargain.
Loan rates matter too. New cars sometimes qualify for manufacturer promotional financing. Used cars may have higher rates, especially for buyers with lower credit scores. That difference can reduce the savings from a lower used car price.
Insurance also plays a bigger role. A new SUV with expensive sensors, cameras, and body panels may cost more to insure and repair. A used sedan may cost less to insure, but a poor safety rating or theft risk can still raise premiums.
EV and hybrid choices add another layer. A new electric vehicle may offer the latest battery warranty and charging technology. A used EV may cost less, but buyers must check battery health, charging speed, range needs, and local charging access.
New Car vs Used Car Cost Comparison
A proper new car vs used car cost comparison starts with more than the sale price. You also need to compare taxes, registration, loan interest, insurance, fuel, maintenance, repairs, depreciation, and the value of your time.
A used car may win on purchase price. However, it may need tires, brakes, fluid service, or repairs sooner. A new car may cost more upfront, but it may offer warranty protection and fewer early repair surprises.
Do not shop by monthly payment alone. A lower monthly payment can hide a longer loan, a higher interest rate, or a larger total cost. Always compare total paid over the full loan term.
Total cost factors to compare
| Cost Factor | Why It Matters | Buyer Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Sale price | Sets the base for taxes, fees, loan amount, and depreciation | Compare out-the-door price, not only advertised price |
| Loan interest | Can add thousands over time depending on rate and term | Get preapproved before visiting the dealership |
| Insurance | Can change sharply by model, trim, location, and driver profile | Request quotes before signing |
| Depreciation | Often becomes the largest ownership cost | Check resale history for the exact model |
| Maintenance | Used cars may need service sooner | Budget for tires, brakes, fluids, and inspections |
| Fuel or charging | Daily commute costs add up over years | Compare gas, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and EV options |
For example, a used SUV may look cheaper than a new sedan. Yet it may use more fuel, cost more to insure, and need more expensive tires. Meanwhile, a new compact hybrid may carry a higher sticker price but lower fuel cost and stronger warranty coverage.
That is why total cost of ownership matters. It gives you a more honest view of affordability.
New Car vs Used Car Pros and Cons
The new car vs used car pros and cons depend on your priorities. Some buyers care most about warranty and technology. Others care more about payment, value, and low depreciation.
A new car feels easier because you know the history. You also get the latest features and fewer questions about maintenance. However, the higher purchase price can increase your loan, insurance, and depreciation.
A used car can give you more vehicle for the money. You may afford a better trim, larger SUV, or more comfortable family vehicle than you could buy new. However, you must check the vehicle carefully.
Pros and cons comparison
| Choice | Main Advantages | Main Drawbacks |
|---|---|---|
| New car | Full warranty, newest safety features, clean history, fresh tires and parts, latest infotainment | Higher price, faster early depreciation, higher insurance in many cases, more expensive taxes and fees |
| Used car | Lower purchase price, slower depreciation after early years, possible higher trim for less money | Unknown history risk, shorter warranty, more inspection work, possible repairs sooner |
| Certified pre-owned | Factory-backed inspection, added warranty, lower price than new in many cases | Costs more than regular used, selection may be limited, warranty terms vary |
Overall, a new car fits buyers who want simplicity, long warranty protection, and modern features. A used car fits buyers who want value and can handle research. A certified pre-owned vehicle sits between both options.
Depreciation and Resale Value
New car vs used car depreciation can make a major difference in long-term cost. Depreciation means the vehicle loses value over time. It starts as soon as the vehicle becomes used, and it continues as miles, age, wear, and market demand change.
New cars often lose value faster in the first few years. That does not mean buying new is always bad. It means you should plan to keep the car long enough to spread the cost across many years.
Used cars already passed through some early depreciation. A three- to five-year-old vehicle can offer strong value when it has a clean history, good maintenance records, reasonable mileage, and strong reliability.
Resale value depends on brand reputation, body style, fuel economy, condition, mileage, color, trim, and local demand. SUVs, trucks, hybrids, and certain reliable sedans may hold value better than some luxury vehicles with high repair costs.
Depreciation risk by vehicle type
| Vehicle Type | Depreciation Notes | Best Buyer Strategy |
|---|---|---|
| New economy sedan | May hold value well if fuel economy and reliability stay strong | Buy new only if payment and insurance stay comfortable |
| Used sedan | Can offer strong value because many buyers now prefer SUVs | Look for clean history and complete service records |
| New SUV | Popular body style, but high trims can depreciate faster | Avoid paying for features you do not need |
| Used SUV | Family demand can keep prices strong | Compare used price against new incentives |
| New EV | Value may shift with battery technology, incentives, and charging trends | Check lease options and long-term battery warranty |
| Used EV | Can be a value pick if battery health and range fit your needs | Verify battery condition and charging compatibility |
If resale value matters to you, avoid rare colors, unpopular trims, heavy modifications, and neglected maintenance. Keep service records. Also choose a vehicle that has broad demand in your region.
Loan Rates, Payments, and Financing
New car vs used car loan rates can change the real cost of a vehicle. New vehicles sometimes qualify for lower promotional rates from automakers. Used cars often carry higher rates because lenders see more age, mileage, and value risk.
Your credit score, down payment, income, loan term, debt level, and lender all affect your rate. A buyer with excellent credit may get a strong rate on either option. A buyer with bad credit may face higher rates, especially on older used vehicles.
New car vs used car monthly payment comparisons can also mislead shoppers. A longer loan may lower the payment but increase the total interest paid. It can also create negative equity if the car loses value faster than the loan balance drops.
Financing comparison guide
| Financing Factor | New Car | Used Car |
|---|---|---|
| Promotional rates | May be available on select models, trims, or terms | Less common, except through some CPO programs |
| Loan term | Long terms may make high prices look affordable | Shorter terms may be better for older vehicles |
| Down payment | Helps reduce negative equity risk | Helps offset higher used-car rates |
| Credit impact | Strong credit helps unlock better offers | Bad credit can make older used loans expensive |
| Preapproval | Gives you leverage at the dealership | Helps you compare lender offers before shopping |
For buyers with bad credit, a cheaper used car may still cost too much if the rate is high. In that case, a larger down payment, credit union preapproval, shorter loan, or less expensive vehicle may help. Avoid stretching the term just to fit a vehicle that strains your budget.
A new car lease vs used car loan comparison also depends on driving habits. Leasing may offer a lower payment and newer vehicle access, but it includes mileage limits and does not build ownership equity. A used car loan may cost less over time if the vehicle stays reliable and you keep it after payoff.
Insurance Cost Guide
New car vs used car insurance cost depends on the vehicle and the driver. New cars often cost more to insure because they cost more to replace. They may also use expensive cameras, sensors, headlights, bumpers, and driver assistance hardware.
Used cars may cost less to insure, especially if you do not need full coverage after the loan is paid off. However, some used models cost more because of theft risk, poor crash history, expensive parts, or high claim rates.
Location matters in the United States. Insurance prices can vary by state, ZIP code, traffic density, weather risk, repair cost, and local claim trends. Your driving history and credit-based insurance score may also affect premiums where allowed.
Insurance questions to ask before buying
| Question | Why It Helps |
|---|---|
| What will full coverage cost for this exact VIN? | It gives a more realistic quote than a general model estimate |
| Does this trim have expensive sensors or cameras? | Advanced driver assistance parts can increase repair costs |
| Does the lender require full coverage? | Most financed vehicles need comprehensive and collision coverage |
| Are there discounts for safety features? | Some insurers may reward certain safety or anti-theft features |
| Will a higher deductible make sense? | It may lower premiums, but it increases out-of-pocket risk |
Always get insurance quotes before you commit. A vehicle that looks affordable at the dealership may feel expensive after insurance gets added to the monthly budget.
Maintenance, Repairs, and Reliability
New car vs used car maintenance cost depends on age, mileage, brand, service history, and how you drive. A new car usually needs basic service in the first years. Oil changes, tire rotations, cabin filters, wipers, and inspections may be the main costs.
A used car may need more attention. Tires, brakes, battery, suspension parts, fluids, belts, spark plugs, and cooling system parts may become due soon after purchase. That does not make used cars bad. It means you need a repair fund.
Reliability matters more than age alone. A well-maintained used car from a reliable model line may beat a poorly rated newer vehicle. Look for service records, clean title history, reasonable mileage, and a strong inspection report.
Maintenance comparison by ownership stage
| Ownership Stage | Common Costs | Buyer Advice |
|---|---|---|
| Brand-new vehicle | Basic scheduled maintenance, tire rotations, filters | Follow the factory schedule and keep receipts |
| Three- to five-year-old used vehicle | Tires, brakes, battery, fluids, alignment, inspection items | Ask what has already been replaced |
| Older used vehicle | Suspension, cooling system, electrical parts, seals, major wear items | Get a trusted mechanic inspection before buying |
| Hybrid vehicle | Regular service plus hybrid system checks when needed | Check warranty terms and service history |
| Electric vehicle | Tires, brakes, cabin filters, battery health checks, software updates | Verify battery health and charging habits |
For daily commuters, reliability affects more than money. A breakdown can interrupt work, school drop-offs, road trips, and family plans. Choose a vehicle that fits your maintenance comfort level.
New Car Warranty vs Used Car Warranty
A new car warranty protects you from many early repair costs. It usually includes bumper-to-bumper coverage for a set period, powertrain coverage for longer, and separate coverage for certain emissions or hybrid and EV components. Terms vary by automaker, so read the warranty booklet.
A used car warranty depends on age, mileage, seller, and program. Some used cars still have factory warranty left. Certified pre-owned vehicles may add warranty coverage after passing an inspection. Regular used cars from private sellers may have no warranty at all.
Extended warranties can help some buyers, but they are not all equal. Review the covered parts, exclusions, deductible, repair network, transfer rules, and cancellation terms. Do not buy one only because the monthly payment increase looks small.
Warranty comparison
| Warranty Type | Best For | What to Check |
|---|---|---|
| New factory warranty | Buyers who want low repair risk and simple ownership | Coverage length, exclusions, maintenance requirements |
| Remaining factory warranty | Used buyers choosing newer low-mileage vehicles | In-service date and transferable coverage |
| CPO warranty | Used buyers who want extra protection | Inspection standards and coverage start date |
| Dealer service contract | Buyers who want optional added coverage | Covered repairs, deductible, provider reputation |
| As-is sale | Experienced buyers with repair budget | Inspection results and state rules |
Certified Pre-Owned vs New Car
A certified pre-owned vs new car comparison often gives shoppers the best middle option. CPO vehicles usually come from franchised dealers, pass a manufacturer-backed inspection, and include extra warranty coverage. They cost more than regular used cars but less than many new cars.
CPO works well when you want a newer vehicle, modern safety features, lower depreciation, and more confidence than a typical used car. It can be a smart choice for families, commuters, and buyers who plan to keep the vehicle for several years.
However, not every certified program offers the same value. Some programs include better warranty terms than others. Some dealers also use the word certified for non-manufacturer programs, which may not carry the same protection.
Ask for the official inspection checklist. Confirm the warranty in writing. Also compare the CPO price with a new car after incentives. If the gap is small, buying new may make more sense.
SUV, Sedan, Truck, Hybrid, and EV Choices
Your body style and powertrain choice can change the answer. A new car vs used SUV decision is not the same as a new car vs used sedan decision. A family SUV, daily commuter sedan, pickup truck, hybrid, and electric vehicle all have different cost patterns.
New SUVs offer the latest family safety tech, more cargo space, and available all-wheel drive. Used SUVs may offer value, but popular models can hold prices well. Always compare the used SUV price against a new one with incentives.
Sedans can be strong value picks. Many US buyers prefer SUVs, so used sedans may offer lower prices. For commuters, a reliable sedan with good fuel economy can be smarter than a larger vehicle you do not need.
Trucks need extra care. They hold value well in many regions, but they can cost more to insure, fuel, and repair. Check towing history, bed use, frame condition, tires, and maintenance records.
A new hybrid car vs used gas car comparison depends on commute length and fuel prices. A new hybrid may save fuel and provide warranty coverage. A used gas car may cost less upfront. The winner depends on how many miles you drive each year.
A new electric car vs used gas car comparison adds charging access. Home charging can make EV ownership easier. Apartment living, rural routes, winter range loss, and road trip charging can make the decision more complex.
Best fit by vehicle type
| Buyer Need | New Vehicle Option | Used Vehicle Option |
|---|---|---|
| Daily commute | New compact sedan, hybrid, or efficient small SUV | Reliable used sedan or hatchback with service records |
| Family use | New midsize SUV or minivan with latest safety tech | CPO SUV or minivan with clean history |
| Road trips | New fuel-efficient SUV, hybrid, or long-range EV if charging fits | Used SUV or sedan with comfort features and good maintenance |
| Work and towing | New truck with full warranty and known capacity | Used truck after frame, powertrain, and towing inspection |
| Low running cost | New hybrid or EV if total cost works | Used efficient gas car, hybrid, or carefully checked used EV |
Best Choice by Buyer Type
There is no single answer for every shopper. The best choice depends on your budget, credit, life stage, driving pattern, and risk tolerance.
New car vs used car for first-time buyers often points toward a dependable used car. The lower purchase price can protect the budget. However, a first-time buyer should avoid very old cars with unknown maintenance.
New car vs used car for families depends on safety, space, reliability, and child-seat needs. A new family vehicle may offer the newest safety features. A CPO SUV or minivan may offer strong value if the warranty and history look good.
New car vs used car for daily commute decisions should focus on fuel economy, comfort, reliability, and insurance. A commuter does not always need a large SUV. A sedan, hatchback, hybrid, or small crossover may save money every week.
New car vs used car for bad credit can be tricky. A lower used price helps, but a high interest rate can erase savings. Buyers in this situation should compare credit unions, avoid long loans, and consider waiting if credit can improve soon.
Recommended direction by buyer profile
| Buyer Profile | Likely Better Choice | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| First-time buyer | Reliable used or CPO car | Lower purchase price and less depreciation risk |
| Growing family | CPO SUV, minivan, or new family vehicle | Safety, space, and warranty matter more |
| Long daily commute | Efficient new hybrid or reliable used sedan | Fuel economy and reliability shape daily cost |
| Bad credit buyer | Lower-cost used car with preapproval | Smaller loan may reduce financial pressure |
| Long-term owner | New car or newer CPO vehicle | Keeping it many years can justify higher upfront cost |
| Tech-focused driver | New car or recent used higher trim | Driver assistance and infotainment change quickly |
Dealership Shopping Tips
Dealership shopping works best when you prepare before you arrive. Research the model, trim, invoice-style market data, local inventory, trade-in value, insurance quote, and financing options. A prepared buyer makes clearer decisions.
For a new car, compare several dealers. Ask for the out-the-door price in writing. This number should include vehicle price, destination charge, taxes, title, registration, dealer fees, and add-ons. Do not rely on the monthly payment alone.
For a used car, ask for the vehicle history report, service records, title status, inspection report, and reconditioning list. A clean-looking vehicle can still have hidden issues. A pre-purchase inspection helps protect you.
New car buying checklist for beginners
- Set a total budget before choosing a trim.
- Get insurance quotes for the exact model and trim.
- Get preapproved by a bank or credit union.
- Compare out-the-door prices from multiple dealers.
- Ask about incentives, rebates, and financing offers.
- Review add-ons before signing.
- Confirm warranty terms and maintenance requirements.
Used car inspection checklist before buying
- Check the title status and vehicle history report.
- Look for accident records, flood signs, and odometer issues.
- Review service records and maintenance timing.
- Inspect tires, brakes, lights, glass, paint, and interior wear.
- Test the air conditioning, infotainment, cameras, and sensors.
- Take a proper test drive on local roads and highways.
- Pay for an independent mechanic inspection when possible.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Many buyers make the same mistakes when comparing new and used vehicles. The first mistake is shopping by monthly payment only. A low payment can hide a long loan, high total interest, or extra products.
The second mistake is ignoring insurance. Some vehicles look affordable until the quote arrives. Always check insurance before you sign the contract.
The third mistake is skipping a used car inspection. A used car with a low price can become expensive if it needs tires, brakes, suspension work, or major repairs soon after purchase.
Another mistake is buying too much vehicle. A large SUV or truck may feel exciting, but fuel, tires, insurance, and parking can cost more than expected. Choose the vehicle that fits your real life, not only your weekend dreams.
Finally, do not assume every new car is reliable or every used car is risky. Research the exact model year, powertrain, and trim. Some vehicles have excellent records. Others may have known issues.
Practical Expert Insight
The smartest car buying strategy is to compare use case first and vehicle age second. Start with your life. Do you drive mostly highways, city streets, school routes, construction sites, rural roads, or long road trips? Do you need all-wheel drive, towing, three rows, cargo space, or home charging?
After that, compare three real vehicles. Pick one new model, one certified pre-owned model, and one regular used model. Get out-the-door prices, insurance quotes, loan offers, warranty details, and estimated maintenance needs for all three.
This side-by-side approach prevents emotional buying. It also shows when a new car is worth it and when buying a used car instead of new makes more sense.
For many shoppers, the sweet spot is a reliable three- to five-year-old vehicle with good records. For others, a new car becomes smarter when warranty, safety, fuel savings, and financing incentives create better long-term value.
Future Trends That May Affect Your Choice
Future transportation trends will keep changing the new car vs used car decision. Hybrids are gaining attention because they offer strong fuel economy without requiring daily charging. Electric vehicles continue to improve, but charging access still matters by region.
Software features are also becoming more important. Newer vehicles may include over-the-air updates, advanced driver assistance, connected navigation, app-based controls, and subscription-based features. Used buyers should check which features still work and whether subscriptions transfer.
Repair costs may rise as vehicles add more sensors, cameras, radar units, large screens, and complex lighting. This can affect both insurance and long-term maintenance. A newer vehicle may protect you with warranty, while a used vehicle may need more careful repair budgeting.
State incentives, fuel prices, charging networks, and local dealership inventory can also shift the math. Before buying a hybrid or EV, check your state programs, utility rebates, home charging cost, and local charging options.
Overall, the future favors buyers who compare total cost and real lifestyle needs instead of chasing one simple rule.
FAQs
Is it better to buy a new or used car in 2026?
It depends on your budget, credit, driving needs, and ownership timeline. A used car often gives better value because the first owner already absorbed major early depreciation. However, a new car can make sense if you want full warranty coverage, newer safety features, better financing offers, or long-term ownership from day one. In 2026, shoppers should compare total cost of ownership instead of only purchase price. Include insurance, loan interest, maintenance, fuel or charging, registration, and resale value before choosing.
When is buying a new car worth it?
Buying a new car can be worth it when you plan to keep the vehicle for many years, qualify for a strong financing offer, need the latest safety technology, or want full warranty protection. It also makes sense when the used version of the same model costs almost as much as new. Some popular SUVs, trucks, hybrids, and fuel-efficient models hold value so well that the new option may be more logical. Always compare the new out-the-door price with a similar used or CPO model before deciding.
When is buying a used car worth it?
Buying a used car is worth it when the vehicle has a fair price, clean history, strong reliability record, good service records, and no major inspection concerns. It works especially well for budget buyers, first-time buyers, and commuters who want lower depreciation. A three- to five-year-old used car can be a smart balance of modern features and lower cost. However, you should budget for maintenance and get a pre-purchase inspection. A cheap used car can become expensive if it needs major repairs soon.
Is certified pre-owned better than a new car?
Certified pre-owned can be better than a new car for buyers who want warranty protection at a lower purchase price. A CPO vehicle usually passes a manufacturer-backed inspection and may include extra coverage. This makes it safer than many regular used cars. However, it is not always better than new. If the CPO price sits close to the new price after incentives, a new car may offer better value. Compare warranty terms, mileage, interest rate, condition, and total payment before choosing.
Are used cars cheaper to insure than new cars?
Used cars are often cheaper to insure because they usually cost less to replace. However, this is not always true. Insurance depends on the model, trim, safety record, theft risk, repair cost, driver profile, and location. A used sports car or high-theft model may cost more to insure than a new economy sedan. A financed used car may also require full coverage. The best step is simple: get quotes for the exact vehicle before signing. Use the VIN when possible.
Should first-time buyers choose a new car or used car?
Most first-time buyers should start with a reliable used car or certified pre-owned vehicle. This can keep the loan smaller and reduce depreciation risk. However, the car should not be too old or poorly maintained. First-time buyers should avoid vehicles with salvage titles, missing service records, warning lights, or major inspection problems. A new car may work if the buyer has stable income, strong credit, a comfortable down payment, and plans to keep the vehicle for a long time.
Is a new hybrid car better than a used gas car?
A new hybrid car can be better if you drive many miles, want strong fuel economy, and value warranty coverage. It may save money on gas over time, especially for commuting. However, a used gas car may still cost less upfront. The better choice depends on purchase price, loan rate, insurance, expected fuel savings, maintenance, and resale value. Compare your yearly mileage and local fuel prices. Also check whether the hybrid premium fits your budget before buying.
Final Practical Checklist
Use this checklist before you choose between a new car and a used car. It will help you avoid emotional decisions and focus on real ownership value.
- Set a realistic total monthly car budget that includes payment, insurance, fuel, maintenance, and registration.
- Compare at least one new, one certified pre-owned, and one regular used option.
- Get insurance quotes before visiting the dealership or signing paperwork.
- Check loan preapproval from a credit union, bank, or trusted lender.
- Compare out-the-door price, not only advertised price or monthly payment.
- Research depreciation and resale value for the exact model and trim.
- Review warranty coverage, service history, and repair risk.
- Inspect any used car through an independent mechanic when possible.
- Check fuel economy, EV range, charging access, and commute needs.
- Avoid long loans that create negative equity risk.
- Do not buy extra features, packages, or add-ons you do not need.
- Choose the vehicle that fits your real driving life, not only the one that looks exciting.
